The Scientific Theory Of Science And Technology - 1449 Words

Science and technology is important to society and is often used in our everyday lives. We often have no idea how science and technology really affect us. We work and live in a world driven by technology and science. Science is crucial because it has helped form the world that we live in today. Charles Robert Darwin was an English geologist and naturalist, best known for his significant addition to the science of evolution. He had a theory that all species have inherited traits over time from common ancestors, and in a partnership with Alfred Russel Wallace introduced his scientific theory that this pattern of evolution resulted from an action that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the†¦show more content†¦The purpose of the trip was to take a five-year survey trip around the world Commanded by Captain Robert FitzRoy. The voyage would prove the opportunity of a lifetime for the Charles Robert Darwin. The HMS Beagle set out on its voyage far and wide with Darwin on board on December 27, 1813. Over the course of the excursion, Darwin recovered an assortment of characteristic examples, including fossils, birds, and plants. Through extreme research, he had an exceptional opportunity to watch the standards of topography, zoology, and natural science nearly. South America, The Galapagos Archipelago, and The Pacific Island were of sure enthusiasm to Darwin. Charles Darwin started to review his discoveries in the Diary of Examines, distributed as a component of Chief FitzRoy s bigger report and later altered into the Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle, once Darwin came back to Britain in 1836. The voyage enormously affected Darwin s perspective of common history. He started to grow a significant hypothesis about the start of living creatures that was inverse to the famous perspective of different naturalists at once. Darwin s involvement with examples across the world brought up vital issues. Different researchers trusted that all species either appeared toward the beginning of the world, or were made after some time in natural history. In either case, the species were accepted to stay much the same all through time. Darwin, saw similitudes among speciesShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Technology On The Development Of Civilization1407 Words   |  6 PagesIn contemporary society, science has played a more pivotal role than technology in the development of civilization. The purpose of science is to develop a vast breadth and depth of data and knowledge to enable us to understand why things are the way they are (Oberdan 26). On the other hand, technology is used to improve real problems based on justified beliefs and organizational systems (Oberdan 28). Without the knowledge and understanding of science, innovation would be lessened and society wouldRead MoreTheories And Theories Of The Calms Made By Ala n Chalmers907 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussing his inductive views of the scientific method stating that â€Å"Scientific knowledge is proven knowledge†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that â€Å"†¦Scientific knowledge is reliable knowledge because it is objectively proven knowledge.† I will also be discussing Karl Popper’s opposing views on the scientific method, siding with his falsification method. I think that even though both sides are rational, Alan Chalmers clams are more practical and better for humans to continue to investigate new theories and laws of the universe. ThereforeRead MoreEssay on History and Philosophy of Science1695 Words   |  7 PagesHistory and Philosophy of Science The world of science, as we know it today, is a difficult subject to grasp. So many new ideas are present and these new ideas are not interchangeable. Some parts do work together although as a whole they don’t fully coincide with each other. The three basic ideas that science is now based upon come from Newton, Einstein, and Hawking. I call these ideas/theories â€Å"new† based on what I classify the state of the scientific community of today. After looking at whatRead MoreThe Science Of Science Or Forensic Science947 Words   |  4 Pagesage of technology. Their main goals include helping the world to flourish into something great using specific scientific methods, creating the future, and discovering Earth s hidden secrets. There are various categories of science, each with extensive scientific knowledge, and the use of the scientific method. People can only become true scientists after attending college, gaining knowledge about a certain field and it’s previo us scientists, learning from them, and implementing the Scientific MethodRead MoreThe Discoveries Of The Scientific Revolution1444 Words   |  6 PagesBefore the Scientific Revolution began to take shape around the year 1550, the world of science was exceedingly narrow and thought to be known. The scientific views of the pre-scientific revolution stem back even further than the popular Aristotelian era of science. Hippocrates contributed greatly to the field of science, especially in the field of medicine. It was during his years of medical studies that Hippocrates theorized the â€Å"Four Temperaments†. This theory hypothesized that there are fourRead MoreEssay on Views on the Importance of Science1010 Words   |  5 PagesViews on the Importance of Science Different people have different views on the importance of scientific concepts in comparison to other branches of knowledge. In order to determine if it is reasonable to believe that science is a supreme form of knowledge, firstly we must determine what knowledge is. Knowledge can be seen as the act of knowing or understanding gained through experience or study. Thus in order for something to be considered as knowledge it must be trueRead MoreThe Acquisition of Knowledge and the Natural Sciences1451 Words   |  6 PagesPersonally, discarded knowledge refers to theories or laws being dismissed as new-found information proves more accurate. However, knowledge can also be amended as it is evolves. Knowledge is often discarded or amended due to technological progresses or changing social trends. Taking both a natural and a human science in IB, I feel that knowledge is more readily discarded in the natural sciences whereas in the human sciences knowledge is amended as certain theories evolve. This suggests that knowledgeRead MoreWhat Is Science and Where Did It Come From?928 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is science and where did it come from? The study of science came before the scientific revolution got to begin. The scientific revolution began in the sixteenth and seventeenth century. The revolution was accomplished by developing the medieval roots of science of the classical age of Greece and Rome. Throughout the scientific revolution, the medieval scientific philosophy was abandoned in favor and improved methods proposed by different men. Finally, we are introduced to scientists of mathematiciansRead MoreThe Scientific Method Of Science1514 Words   |  7 Pages Chapter 1 Scientific method A scientific method is a procedure to explore aspects of the question or new idea to discover a conclusion, it is the basic guide to answering ideas, and is the backbone of science. Throughout science all sides of the test must be discovered before any overall conclusion can be made. This helps reduce controversy and helps to prevent public outbreaks as all areas of the topic wasn’t discovered properly and is something to follow to ensure all parts are correctly coveredRead MoreScience, Technology and Society1541 Words   |  7 Pagesproblems of humanity and so science appeared. Nowadays, science is involved in every aspect of our life, even in subjects that we can not imagine. We can meet remarkable examples of scientific achievements in technology and also in society but they will be analyzed in the next chapters. THE PHASES IN INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE As the introduction prepared us for this, we can discern three different phases in the history of institutional development of science. If we put them in an order

Definition and Examples of Infinitive Verbs

In English grammar, an infinitive is the  base form of a verb that can function as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Infinitive comes from the Latin word infinitus meaning endless. The infinitive is a type of verbal, or word derived from a verb that does not function as a verb, that is almost always preceded by the particle to. Infinitive Phrases Infinitives beginning with to and making up infinitive phrases are separate from prepositional phrases that use to (as in She drove to Chicago) to describe movement. An infinitive phrase is made up of the particle to, an infinitive, and any accompanying  objects,  modifiers, or complements. Examples of infinitive phrases: She plans to write a novel.They are going to run around the block.The dog was not hungry enough to eat. A negative infinitive phrase can be formed by placing the negative particle not in front of to. Examples of negative infinitive phrases: She told me not to drink the milk.I was going to really try not to be late.They were warned not to go near the poison ivy. Examples of Infinitives in Literature and Film Mark Twain: It is better to keep your mouth closed and let people think you are a fool than to open it and remove all doubt. Will Rogers: Half our life is spent trying to find something to do with the time we have rushed through life trying to save. Susan Sontag: Until the advent of television emptied the movie theaters, it was from a weekly visit to the cinema that you learned (or tried to learn) how to walk, to smoke, to kiss, to fight, to grieve. Fred Allen: A celebrity is a person who works hard all his life to become well known, then wears dark glasses to avoid being recognized. Functions of Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases Although infinitives  usually follow main verbs, they may appear in various places and serve different functions in a sentence. Here are a few examples of infinitives that do not follow main verbs and/or are being used as sentence parts other than subjects or objects: To raise a child is  the highest form of education.—to raise is the subject of the verb isWe want to raise our children in a safe environment.—to raise is the object of the verb wantHer only goal is to graduate.—to graduate is the subject complement after the linking verb isEach child has a list of chores to complete.—to complete is the adjective modifying the noun phrase a list of chores James Thurber on the Perfect Infinitive A perfect infinitive is defined as to have a past participle. James Thurber spoke about perfect infinitives in his article for The New Yorker titled Our Own Modern English Usage: The Perfect Infinitive.† Below is an excerpt from this article that describes the perilous situation of too many haves. Too Many "Haves" It is easy enough to say that a person should live in such a way as to avoid the perfect infinitive after the past conditional, but it is another matter to do it. The observance of the commonest amenities of life constantly leads us into that usage. Let us take a typical case. A gentleman and his wife, calling on friends, find them not at home. The gentleman decides to leave a note of regret couched in a few well-chosen words, and the first thing he knows he is involved in this: We would have liked to have found you in. Reading it over, the gentleman is assailed by the suspicion that he has too many haves, and that the whole business has somehow been put too far into the past. His first reaction is to remedy this by dating the note: 9 p.m. Wednesday, June 12, 1929. This at once seems too formal, and, with a sigh, he starts in again on the sentence itself. That is where he makes a fatal mistake. The simplest way out, as always, is to seek some other method of expressing the thought...What he does, however, is to lapse into a profound study of this particular grammatical situation, than which there is no more hazardous mental occupation... First the victim will change the sentence to: We would have liked to find you in. ...this is correct (barring the use of would instead of should), but, alas, the gentleman does not realize it. Few people ever do realize it. This is because the present infinitive, to find, seems to imply success. They, therefore, fall back on the perfect infinitive, to have found, because it implies that the thing hoped for did not come to pass. They have fallen back on it so often that, after the ordinary past tenses, its use has come to be counted as idiomatic, even though it is incorrect... There is a simple rule about past conditionals...After would have liked, would have hoped, would have feared, etc., use the present infinitive. The implication of non-fulfillment is inherent in the governing verb itself, that is, in the would have liked, etc. You dont have to shade the infinitive to get a nice note of frustration...Avoid the perfect infinitive after the past conditional as you would a cobra. Sources Sontag, Susan. â€Å"The Decay of Cinema.†Ã‚  The New York Times, 25 Feb. 1996.Thurber, James. â€Å"Our Own Modern English Usage: The Perfect Infinitive.†Ã‚  The New Yorker, 22 June 1929.

Relationship between russian and the european union Free Essays

Russia stretches over a vast expanse of Europe and Asia with an area of 17,075,200 square kilometres making it the largest country in the world in terms of land mass. This country   shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. Since the termination of the USSR in December 1991, Russia has become an influential member of the Commonwealth of Independent States. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between russian and the european union or any similar topic only for you Order Now Russia’s worldwide role decreased greatly compared to that of the former Soviet Union. Russia is an essential partner in terms of engaging and building a strategic partnership with.   The 2003 European Security Strategy has rightly placed this country as a key player on geo-political and security issues at global and regional levels. Russia plays an important role in the UN Security Council and has significant influence in the European neighbourhood and in Central Asia. It must likewise be noted that Russia is a major supplier of energy products to the EU. It may be considered to have a small market but Russia is a large market for EU goods and services, with considerable potential for growth. And if that’s not good news yet, listen to this: Russia is a key ally in EU efforts in its fight against new threats to security, including terrorism, pollution, crime, illegal migration and trafficking. Russia and the European Union The European Union’s primary objective is to enlist Russia to build a genuine strategic partnership, founded on common interests and shared values to which both sides are committed in the relevant international organisations such as the UN, Council of Europe, and OSCE, as well as with each other in the bilateral Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA). As Ivanov mentioned these interests and values involved democracy, the rule of law, human rights and market economy principles (2000, pp. 33). Shishaev says that the EU and Russia are already cooperating on various issues which include modernisation of Russia’s economy and its consolidation into the world economy, security and international issues (1999, p. 42). Shishaev further explains that â€Å"EU relations with Russia is guided on a large spectrum of particular EU policies, including external policies like the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and trade policy; the external aspects of general EU policies such as on energy, transport, environment, etc.; the external dimension of freedom/security/justice activities; and the principles retained for development cooperation and assistance† (1999, p. 42). Likhachev reported that the common ground for EU relations with Russia is the PCA which came into force on December 1, 1997 for an initial duration of 10 years. This agreement shall extend beyond 2007 on a yearly basis. PCA sets the main objectives, establishes the institutional framework for bilateral contacts, and calls for activities and dialogue in a number of areas. The conditions of the PCA embrace a wide range of policy areas including political dialogue; trade in goods and services; business and investment; financial and legislative cooperation; science and technology; education and training; energy, nuclear and space cooperation; environment, transport; culture; and cooperation on the prevention of illegal activities. Rules of procedure for the dispute settlement provisions of the PCA were adopted in April 2004 (2000, pp. 20-24). The EU laid down its basic approach to relations with Russia in a â€Å"Common Strategy† in 1999 which was not extended beyond June 2004. An in February 2004, the Commission adopted a Communication which adopted measures to improve the effectiveness of EU-Russia relations, specifically in the wake of increased mutual dependence, the forthcoming enlargement, and the unresolved conflicts in some countries bordering Russia. The current institutional framework for relations with Russia as mentioned   above, is expected to change under the provisions of the new agreement with the view to creating a more concise and streamlined approach. During the Summit held in May 2003, the EU and Russia mutually decided to strengthen their cooperation by coming up with so-called four ‘common spaces’ in the framework of the PCA. It was agreed to make a common economic space; a common space of freedom, security and justice; a space of co-operation in the field of external security; as well as a space of research and education, including cultural aspects. Antonenko and Pinnick (2005, pp. 35-37) pointed out the ‘the purpose of the common economic space   is to create an open and integrated market between the EU and Russia which will bring down barriers to trade and investment and promote reforms and competitiveness, based on the principles of non-discrimination, transparency and good governance’. Among the wide range of actions that were perceived are a number of new dialogues. Cooperation is being stepped up on regulatory policy, investment issues, competition, financial services, telecommunications, transport, energy, space activities and space launching, etc. Environment, including nuclear safety and the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, also figures prominently. How to cite Relationship between russian and the european union, Papers

Social Policies Closing the Gap

Question: Discuss about the Social Policies for Closing the Gap. Answer: Introduction: Social policies are important in bringing social changes and ushering in some new strategies or ways of life for the people in a community. Social policy is associated with the lifestyle, behavior, cultural identity and religious beliefs of the people living in a community. However, Closing the Gap is a policy that aims towards the development of the aboriginal people and the people of Torres Strait Island (Rigney Hemming, 2014). The policy came into existence due to the several problems that are widespread among the aboriginals and the people of the Toress Starit Island. Social problems include a wide range aspects and it brings in focus the present scenario or circumstances of the indigenous or the aboriginal people. The young generation does not show much interest in carrying forward their rituals and beliefs since the mainstream people of Australia always neglect them. The health care system is not at all up to the mark to help the aboriginals recover quickly from various kind o f disease. The hospitals have minimum or hardly any facilities to treat the aboriginal people. Suicide among the aboriginal people is also an important social issue which will gradually extinct the aboriginal existence from Australia. Domestic violence, too much of alcohol consumption, vagabond lifestyle of the aboriginals are also some of the key social issues. Fights among their own people are also a common affair and it at times takes very violent forms. Drunkenness is a major social problem that is very common among the aboriginals and it is not conducive for the growth of their community. The indigenous people have another important social problem that is gambling (Hess Ribeiro, 2016). They waste their little earned money in gambling and thereby uselessly wastes time. Unemployment is also a major social issue of the aboriginals and of the Torres Strait Islanders. There are several reasons, behind the unemployment of the aboriginal people, which are low wage structure, scarcity of work that matches their skill set and so on. Disease that is transmitted sexually is very common among the aboriginal people and it is one of the major social issues. The literacy rate among the aboriginal is very low and if this tradition continues then their lifestyle will never develop. The policy aims to develop or increase the life expectancy of the aboriginals and the people of the Torres Strait Island with in the year, 2030. In the year, 2008 the health equity summit for the indigenous people of Australia was held in Canberra where several Australian Government representatives were present (Haines et al., 2016). The Australian Government has planned to focus on the various health issues through this policy of theirs. They are responding to the identified needs of the Aboriginals and Torres Strait islanders in making choices along with offering them the safe admission to early involvement and treatment services, making them free from racism. Scope and purpose of the policy: Closing the Gap is a strategy of government aimed at lessening the disadvantage among the people of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander with reverence to child mortality, life expectancy, and outcomes in employment. This policy has come from the Australian Government as their commitment towards achieving the health equality of Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islander people within 25 years. The aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islanders are the most primitive group of people of Australia and over the time, they have suffered many difficulties and adversities (Trivedi et al., 2016). During the time of the European settlement in Australia, the aboriginal people of Australia suffered a lot of pain and hardships since there was a discrepancy in the implementation of social policies between the European and the aboriginals. However, the aboriginals of Australia in todays time are not that primitive and they earn their livelihood by working as laborers in fields or in farms. The northern part of the island, Australia is filled with maximum numbers of aboriginal people and with time they upgrading themselves to adapt with the contemporary Australian lifestyle. The Torres Strait Islanders are also the indigenous or the aboriginal people of Queensland having a different set of cultural and religious beliefs (Hunter Yap, 2014). The main purpose or the targets of the policy can be discussed with special focus on the main points. The purpose of the policy is to decrease the mortality rate among the aboriginal children who are all within the age group of five. The purpose of the policy is also to ensure that the children, who are under the age of four, should get education. The policy also aims towards bridging the gap between the educational systems of the mainstream Australian people with that of the indigenous people of Australia. The policy also aims towards bringing in a change or improvement in the reading and writing capabilities of the indigenous people. The policy is delivering good results since yearly reports are being published which judges the growth and development of the aboriginal people. The Prime Minister of Australia every year hands out a report on Closing the Gap policy in the parliament to that talks about the details of the progress of the aboriginal and the Torres Islander people. The policy aims to bring in substantial development fo r the aboriginal people and the Torres Islander people within 2030 and since the timeframe is quite lengthy, it has several issues to be addressed and rectified (Thronson, 2016). The policy is going to usher in a new life for the aboriginal people that will help them to make themselves associate with the rest of the Australian people. Effectiveness of the policy: The policy has been quite effective in bring substantial development for the aboriginal and the people of the Torres Strait Island. Within the past few years, the life expectancy rate of the people has increased incredibly. The life expectancy of the males has increased by 1.6 years whereas the life expectancy of the females has increased by 0.6 years. However, there remains a gap of near about 10 years between the life expectancy rate of the aboriginal people and the non-aboriginal Australian people (Samji et al., 2013). Improvement in the health of the children and their mothers has also been observed along with a reduction in the smoking rate. The health community has provided good quality health care system for the aboriginal people so that they can access the primary health care services to treat their disease. The policy is very good since it is only for making the aboriginal people and the people of Torres Strait Island a part of the mainstream Australian community. The policy aims towards the betterment of the health and lifestyle of the indigenous people and it also focuses on the minute details of the indigenous people like, drinking that affects the health, smoking, imprisonment and so on. Australian Government sets the strategies for the aboriginal people as per the requirement or need of the indigenous people (Pruett DiFonzo, 2014). People around the world are well aware of the policy and know how the policy has brought about considerable change for the aboriginal people of Australia. The implementation of the policy is done with calculative measure to make the strategies effective. The plan of implementation includes several points like, setting targets in order to measure or calculate the outcomes and the progress. Developing a good management system, a dedicated workforce and a good infrastructure are also included under the implementation plan to carry strategies of the policy successfully. After this, the implementation plan also includes sel ecting or mapping the regions that are hugely affected by diseases or have poor health care system, which will help in better implementation of the strategies. The implementation plan also ensures the fact that the cultural prospect of the indigenous people is preserved during the process of strategy implementation. However, the effectiveness of the policy greatly depends on the implementation plan and it decides the success of the policy. However, Closing the Gap policy has some limitation as well. The policy fails to understand the sentiments and emotions of the aboriginal people, the wrongs that have been done to them. The policy also at times lacks behind in identifying the chronic diseases among the aboriginal people and thereby fails to provide any substantial cure for the diseases (World Health Organization, 2013). The most unpleasing result of the policy is the failure in detecting the chronic diseases like, improper function of kidney, high blood pressure, high level of cho lesterol and so on. Research conducted among the aboriginal people and the people of the Torres Strait Island establish the fact that many of them have diabetes and they are fully unaware about it, which hampers the overall health prospect of the indigenous people. Apart from these other weakness or limitation of the policy, include in depth analysis of their mental state, which is associated with their healthy lifestyle. The strength of the policy includes presentation of yearly or annual report and monitoring the increase in the life expectancy rate of the indigenous people. Identification of the key problems or issues also adds to the strength of the policy. The strength of the policy also includes the fact that all the strategies are supervised and implemented by the Government of Australia. It was way back in March 2008, that the Government of Australia and the Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders approved on working together in order to achieve equality in the status of health and expectancy of life between the non-indigenous sections of people and the Aboriginals by 2030. Though, reports suggest that the Aboriginals have been the scapegoats of bad decision making and i has become an issue of national shame for the Australians who are continuously failing in their endeavor to close the gap between the white and the black Australians. Key issues and consideration: The key issues of the indigenous people are proving the ownership of their land, which belonged to their ancestors, sine without land they cannot progress with making any permanent settlement for themselves. Remoteness is another key issue of the aboriginal people and the Torres Strait Islanders since most of them live rural and underdeveloped areas of Australia, which is far away from the vicinity of towns and cities (Samji et al., 2013). Poor health condition is another key issue of the indigenous people since they do not get good medical treatments or facilities. Closing the Gap covers international policies since it has incorporated several international or excellent measures to usher in a change for the indigenous people. The policy wants to achieve equity in health care service, education system and lifestyle of the aboriginal people and the Torres Strait Islanders with that of the non-aboriginal people. The policy is designed to close the Gap that has been there from time imme morial so that the indigenous people become a part of the mainstream Australia. The policy wants to improve the lifestyle of the indigenous people and bring them back from the dark social issues like gambling, excessive consumption of alcohol, intake of drugs and so on. It is perceived through proper planning and implementation of the strategies. The change cannot be brought about in few days therefore the government has taken a time- period of near about 30 years to develop the indigenous group of people (OBrien, 2013). However, recent reports suggest that there has been no progress in even halving the gap in the outcomes of Indigenous employment, whereas, a little development has been made in the Indigenous life expectancy and again no progress in the numeracy gap. The government has failed to produce any kind of proper audit on spending as recommended by the Chief Indigenous Advisor, Warren Mundine. Conclusion: The aboriginals of Australia form a major part of the Australian community and they are the witness of the social changes that happened over the years. Social policies are generally formulated for the betterment of a society or the common people and the governing bodies of a country make the policies (Kersting Vetter, 2014). The paper discusses the range of activities that Closing the Gap policy can undertake in order to develop the security, education, health care system and living condition of the humans. In todays time, Australia can be said to be a multicultural country and among the multicultural people, the aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islanders deserves special mention. The paper mainly focuses on the strategies of the government officials in order to usher in some positive changes for the betterment of the aboriginals and the people of Torres Strait Island. However, the essay also discusses the policy that has been formulated at the state or at the federal level and the scopes of the policies for the betterment of the aboriginal people of Australia. The writing of the Australian aboriginal writer like, Jack Davis represents the true story of the aboriginal people. No Sugar shows the pitiable condition of the aboriginal people of Australia whom the Europeans treated very badly. For years, they remained in a very degradable and precarious situation (Jacobsen 2014). They ate foods, which no one would have eaten and they were even paid less for their hard work. All these created a rage among the indigenous group of people. However, with the formation of the policy it is recommended that the policy should be carried with utmost sincerity and calculative measures. It is also recommended that the indigenous people should cooperate with the government for developing their lifestyle. Reference: Carter, P. L., Welner, K. G. (2013).Closing the opportunity gap: What America must do to give every child an even chance. Oxford University Press. Ewen, S., Mazel, O., Knoche, D. (2012). Exposing the hidden curriculum influencing medical education on the health of Indigenous people in Australia and New Zealand: the role of the critical reflection tool.Academic Medicine,87(2), 200-205. Guiraudon, V., Lahav, G. (Eds.). (2013).Immigration policy in Europe: The politics of control. Routledge. Haines, C. F., Fleishman, J. A., Yehia, B. R., Lau, B., Berry, S. A., Agwu, A. L., ... Gebo, K. A. (2016). Closing the Gap in Antiretroviral Initiation and Viral Suppression: Time Trends and Racial Disparities.JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes,73(3), 340-347. Hess, C. E. E., Ribeiro, W. C. (2016). Energy and Environmental Justice: Closing the Gap.Environmental Justice,9(5), 153-158. Hunter, B., Yap, M. (2014). Income, work and education: insights for closing the gap in urban Australia. Jacobsen, S. (2014).Checkpoints VCE Text Guides: No Sugar by Jack Davis. Cambridge University Press. Kersting, N., Vetter, A. (Eds.). (2013).Reforming Local Government in Europe: Closing the gap between democracy and efficiency(Vol. 4). Springer Science Business Media. OBrien, K. (2013). Global environmental change III Closing the gap between knowledge and action.Progress in Human Geography,37(4), 587-596. Pruett, M. K., DiFonzo, J. H. (2014). Closing the gap: Research, policy, practice, and shared parenting.Family Court Review,52(2), 152-174. Rigney, D., Hemming, S. (2014). Is Closing the GapEnough? Ngarrindjeri ontologies, reconciliation and caring for country.Educational Philosophy and Theory,46(5), 536-545. Samji, H., Cescon, A., Hogg, R. S., Modur, S. P., Althoff, K. N., Buchacz, K., ... Justice, A. (2013). Closing the gap: increases in life expectancy among treated HIV-positive individuals in the United States and Canada.PloS one,8(12), e81355. Thronson, D. B. (2016). Closing the Gap" DACA, DAPA, and uS Compliance with International Human Rights Law.Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law,48(1), 127. Trivedi, A. N., Bailie, R., Bailie, J., Brown, A., Kelaher, M. (2016). Hospitalizations for Chronic Conditions Among Indigenous Australians After Medication Copayment Reductions: the Closing the Gap Copayment Incentive.Journal of General Internal Medicine, 1-7. World Health Organization. (2013). Closing the health equity gap: policy options and opportunities for action. Yu, M., Sampson, M. (2016). Closing the Gap between Policy and Practice in Screening for Perinatal Depression: A Policy Analysis and Call for Action.Social work in public health, 1-8.